![]() ![]() These devices are typically powered by batteries, the performance of which varies depending on environmental (such as temperature and humidity) as well as operational conditions (discharge rate and state-of-charge, SOC). Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are commonly used in remote environments for monitoring and sensing. This work reflects the strong symmetry of different aspects of designing a hybrid supercapacitor with high efficiency and reliability. Instead of using the traditional exponential rule, supercapacitors discharge according to a power law. An intriguing finding from the Drude model is the current-dependent behavior of the leakage-parallel resistance in the constant current discharge process. The parameters of both the fractional-order models and our suggested method were estimated using the least-squares regression fitting approach. Commercially available Nippon DLA and Green-cap supercapacitors were used to verify the Drude model by discharging them through a constant current source using a simple current mirror circuit. In this research article, we have used a Drude model based on free electrons (asymmetric nature) to describe the supercapacitor's discharging characteristics. ![]() Studies have shown that the use of quantum dots as electrodes in supercapacitors can significantly increase their effectiveness. Supercapacitors can be used with battery technology to create an effective energy storage system due to their qualities and precise characterization. Experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to existing methods for different batteries and working conditions, which mainly benefits from the ability of Peukert’s Law to better model the rate-capacity effect of the batteries.Ī supercapacitor is a type of electrical component that has larger capacitance, due to asymmetric behavior with better power density, and lower ESR (effective series resistance) than conventional energy-storage components. In order to evaluate the proposed method comprehensively, different primary batteries and working conditions (constant current, constant resistance, and emulated duty-cycle loads) are employed. This paper proposes a lightweight SOC estimation method, which applies Peukert’s Law to estimate the effective capacity of the battery and then calculates the SOC by subtracting the cumulative current consumption from the estimated capacity. However, accuracy of existing lightweight methods is not high, and their adaptability to different batteries and working conditions is relatively poor. Lightweight estimation methods are widely used in WSNs due to their low measurement and computation requirements. The experiments were conducted using the MICA2 wireless sensor node platform, which shows that the voltage-only-based estimation presented an available 18% of the battery maximum capacity, although the battery had been fully discharged, and a current-based estimation technique is presented with minimal hardware intervention.Īccurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation is essential for maximizing the lifetime of battery-powered wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper presents an energy-efficient battery-remaining capacity-estimation technique. Therefore, the research of the state-of-charge (SoC), or the remaining capacity estimation, is of key importance. The knowledge of the available amount of energy becomes an important requirement for the maintenance, implementation of self-management techniques, and viability of the WSN. Sensor nodes should balance their limited resources to increase the lifetime of the network. In most applications, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will deploy a large number of distributed sensor nodes in remote or inhospitable places, making batteries their main source of energy thus, the stored energy is a key resource of a WSN.
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